Category Archives: Climate Change

A Tomato That Thrives in Salty Soil

Currant Tomato (Solanum pimpinellifolium) at Pantanos de Villa, Chorrillos, Peru (photo by ruthgo via iNaturalist)

15 October 2024

Many crops around the world are irrigated but this inevitably leads to salty soil. Eventually the land becomes useless for agriculture.

Irrigation eventually makes the soil salty: Irrigation rig in Yuma County, AZ, 1987 (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

USDA explains:

What happens when you irrigate?
Irrigation inevitably leads to the salinization of soils and waters. In the United States yield reductions due to salinity occur on an estimated 30% of all irrigated land. World wide, crop production is limited by the effects of salinity on about 50% of the irrigated land area. … Concern is mounting about the sustainability of irrigated agriculture.

Where does all the salt come from?
Application of irrigation water results in the addition of soluble salts such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfate, and chloride dissolved from geologic materials with which the waters have been in contact. Evaporation and transpiration (plant uptake) of irrigation water eventually cause excessive amounts of salts to accumulate in soils unless adequate leaching and drainage are provided.

USDA Agricultural Water Efficiency and Salinity Research Unit: Riverside, CA: Frequently Asked Questions About Salinity

Salt residue makes the soil hostile for everything, even weeds.

Salty residue after irrigation water percolated up and evaporated, 2011 (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

This worldwide problem will get only worse as climate change increases drought, so a team of researchers looked for salt tolerant crops.

Focusing on the tomato’s closest wild relative, the tiny currant tomato (Solanum pimpinellifolium), they selected “over 2,700 cultivars, raising the seedlings in two environments: a greenhouse, and an open field.”

The best results came from five cultivars from Peru.

Currant tomato flowers in Lambayeque, Peru(photo by jackychj via iNaturalist)
Currant Tomato (Solanum pimpinellifolium) at Los Pantanos de Villa near Lima, Peru

What genes do these plants have that make them thrive? That’s a question for the next study.

Read more in Anthropocene Magazine: A tiny tomato may harbor the secret to salt-tolerance in a climate-changed world. “The closest living wild relative of the common tomato holds untapped genetic secrets thanks to its large diversity.”

Frequent Heavy Downpours Are Now a Way of Life

Rain splashing during a downpour (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

1 August 2024

On Tuesday 30 July after a period of abnormally dry weather Pittsburgh had a series of gully washers that scoured the creeks and greened up the grass. The downpours were sudden and stupendous. In just three brief episodes — fortunately spaced seven hours apart — we received 0.85″ of rain.

Ten years ago we were amazed by these episodes because they were so different from our usual slow, soaking rains. Back then the only place I’d experienced this weather prompted me to call it “Texas rain.” In 2014 climate.gov predicted an increase in heavy rain episodes on this map. Pittsburgh registered an uptick but not the worst.

OLD PREDICTION IN 2014. Heavy Rain Days in 2041-2070
Map predicting change in downpour frequency, 2040-2070 (map from NOAA Climate.gov)
Predicted Change in days of extreme rainfall in 2041-2070 compared to 1971-2000, Greenhouse gas higher emissions (map from climate.gov)

Five years later climate.gov revised their prediction and it was worse.

REVISED! PREDICTION IN 2019. Heavy Rain Days in Late 21st Century
Predicted Change in days of extreme rainfall in late 21st century compared to 1986-2016, Greenhouse gas higher emissions (map from climate.gov)

From climate.gov: Prepare for more downpours: Heavy rain has increased across most of the United States, and is likely to increase further.

The two maps are not “apples to apples.” On the 2019 map the prediction time frame is longer and change is expressed as a percentage rather than an absolute number of days.

However the map is scary and it lit a fire under Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority (PWSA) to fix the sewers now before things get worse. Since then they’ve been systematically digging up city streets to replace ancient storm sewer lines while Alcosan (sewage treatment) is implementing their EPA-approved plan to keep sewage out of the rivers.

We don’t need a prediction map to tell us it’s getting wetter in Pittsburgh. Frequent heavy downpours are now a way of life.

Read more — though 10 years old — in this vintage article:

Planning Ahead for Pittsburgh’s Warmer, Wetter Climate

Quaking aspen vs Eastern cottonwood (photos from Wikimedia Commons)

30 July 2024

Today in Pittsburgh we’re looking forward to a week of heavy downpours.

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK, Pittsburgh, PA, 30 July 2024
Scattered showers and thunderstorms could produce heavy rainfall that creates localized flooding concerns, favoring low lying or urbanized areas.
National Weather SErvice Hazardous Weather Outlook for Pittsburgh, PA, July 30 through August 5,2024

It’s hard not to notice that Pittsburgh’s climate is changing fairly rapidly into hotter, wetter weather. Climate predictions indicate that 60 years from now, Pittsburgh weather will feel a lot like McCormick, South Carolina does today.

This is bad news for trees that are on the southern edge of their range. Not only do they live a long time but they cannot adapt as fast as our climate is changing. For example, quaking aspens, which prefer cooler weather, will disappear from Pittsburgh by the end of this century. Meanwhile eastern cottonwoods will do just fine.

Comparing range maps of Quaking aspen vs Eastern cottonwood (maps from Wikimedia Commons)

Pittsburgh’s urban forest and parks are feeling the heat, too. If we do nothing we’ll have fewer and poorer trees in the city 100 years from now.

Fortunately the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy is planning for our future forest by testing southern tree species at Fezziwig Grove in Schenley Park. Read about the tree nursery project and Kentucky yellowwood, pictured below, at TribLive: Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy forges forest of the future in face of global warming

Kentucky yellowwood flowers, Schenley Park, 20 May 2019 (photo by Kate St. John)

To visit Fezziwig Grove, use the map at this link.

Wondering what our climate will feel like in the future? Check out this vintage article.

If You Think Today is Hot …

Deep orange sky, hot sun (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

15 July 2024

Excessive heat from the western U.S. is now in the East and the next two days promise to be brutal.

Right now I’m in Tidewater Virginia where today’s high temperature will be 97°F and “feel like” 107°F. Just after dawn the turkey vultures warmed their wings in my sister’s backyard. I’m sure they know where and how to stay cool later today.

Turkey vultures wake up in Virginia before it’s hot (photo by Kate St. John)

We humans, however, are not always in control of our time and some humans are not as smart as turkey vultures so every newscast reminds us to be careful and stay cool.

Yes, today will be hot but tomorrow will be worse. There will be Extreme Heat even in the mountains of Pennsylvania and West Virginia.

Heat Risk map for 16 July 2024 zoomed in to Eastern U.S. (image from digital.weather.gov)

Fortunately Wednesday will bring relief. Watch the heat for 15-17July on these maps.

Too Hot To Handle!

18 June 2024

When a heat dome persisted over the Central US. last August my reaction was “At least it isn’t happening here.” Well, now it is.

U.S. Day 3-7 Hazards Outlook for 20-24 June 2024 from NOAA Weather Prediction Center

A high pressure system that was overheating the Southwest moved in on Monday and put a cap over us that’s circulating hot air and trapping heat at the surface.

Diagram of a heat dome from Wikimedia Commons by NWS/NOAA

Meanwhile there are very few clouds to block the sun. It just keeps getting hotter and hotter. Climate Central says the metro areas of Indianapolis, Cleveland, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Washington D.C., New York City, and Boston are experiencing:

  • Record high temperatures from 94°F to 99°F
  • High humidity that makes it feels hotter when heat index values reach 105°F
  • Nighttime temperatures never cool below the 70-76°F range.

Pittsburgh’s forecast is all orange.

Heat advisory forecast for 18-21 June 2024 (screenshot from NWS Pittsburgh)

Meanwhile all of us are under stress, especially plants, animals, outdoor workers, people without air conditioning and homeless people.

In addition to all the physical changes, heat makes us irritable, even angry.

Last evening severe thunderstorms knocked out power to more than 100,000 electric customers in southwestern PA. I’m fortunate to have both electricity and air conditioning so I’m staying indoors.

I can hardly wait for it to end.

p.s. US weather maps never show Canada. Did the heat just cease at the border? Nope. It’s hot in Canada, too!

Planted Them Weeks Ago?

Cherry tomatoes on the vine (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

27 May 2024, Memorial Day

Pittsburghers used to have a tradition that Memorial Day was the start of outdoor tomato planting season. But if you grow tomatoes today you know that’s not the case. You probably planted them weeks ago.

Just 50 years ago Pittsburgh had an annual average minimum temperature of -10 to 0 degrees F and those numbers didn’t change ten years after this USDA map was produced in 1960.

USDA Plant Hardiness Zone map, 1960

But the climate is changing rapidly now. Last year USDA officially revised their Hardiness Zones as shown on the 2023 map below.

USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map, 2023

The Pittsburgh area shifted a 1/2 zone warmer in eleven years. Notice the paler color in the river valleys in Allegheny County on the zoomed map below. Our average annual lowest temperature used to be -5° to 0°F but it jogged 5 degrees warmer. Now it’s 0° to 5° F.

2023 USDA Plant Hardiness zones by zip code (zoomed out)

None of this is a surprise. We were certainly felt hot in April, the warmest on record.

Global temperature anomaly for April 2024 from climate.gov

Air Pollution Makes Pollen Allergies Worse

Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis, a common lawn grass in PA (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

23 May 2024

Talk about allergies! Oak tree pollen is finally diminishing in Pittsburgh, but grass pollen allergies are ramping up. I’m allergic to lawn grass. I feel it already.

Red fescue, a common lawn grass in PA (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

A study last year explained why we suffer more in the 21st century. Pollen season is getting worse every year because climate change is lengthening the growing season and increasing pollen production.

Unfortunately, a recent study explains that air pollution makes allergies worse. Pittsburgh has some of the worst particulate air pollution in the U.S.

“Plants that are grown in pollution-stressed situations are known to release more allergens,” says Elaine Fuertes, a research fellow at the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London.

Depending on the plant species, air pollutants can change the chemical composition of pollen, increasing the potency of pollen allergens and triggering stronger allergic reactions in people. …

…Air pollutants like particulate matter and nitrogen oxides may also make the exine — the outer coating of pollen grains — from some plant species more fragile and, therefore, more likely to rupture into smaller fragments that can penetrate deeper into the lungs.

Yale Climate Connections: Allergy symptoms got you down? Blame pollen AND air pollution.

Learn more about the interplay between pollen, air pollution and our allergies at Yale Climate Connections article below.

BONUS FACTLET: While looking for lawn grass photos I learned that Pennsylvania’s most common lawn grass, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), is not native to Kentucky nor to North America. Poa pratensis is from Europe, North Asia and the mountains of Algeria and Morocco.

No Amount of Money Can Stop The Ocean

Protective dune washed away at Salisbury Beach, MA as seen 10 March 2024 (photo embedded from Salisbury Beach Citizens For Change on Facebook)

26 March 2024

A decades-old problem became acute his winter. After high winds and a historic high tide damaged 20+ beachfront homes in January at Salisbury Beach, Massachusetts, the residents took up a collection to build a protective dune. It took five weeks, 14,000 tons of sand and more than half a million dollars to build the dune to protect the homes. Three days later it was gone.

Completion of the dune project in early March brought high hopes to Salisbury Beach.

Facebook post by Salisbury Citizens for Change after the dune was completed on 6 March 2024

But in the next three days a natural occurrence, an astronomical high tide, washed it all away.

video embedded from WCVB Channel 5, Boston

The temporary dune did it’s job — no homes were damaged in March — but the idea of spending half million dollars after every storm is out of the question. So the town is regrouping and weighing options.

You might be wondering: Why don’t they just build a seawall?

Seawalls just move the problem a few hundred feet down the beach so they are generally not allowed in Massachusetts (see special exception in yellow).

screenshot from Questions and Answers on Purchasing Coastal Real Estate in Massachusetts at capecod.gov

Also, a seawall will remove the beach entirely as shown in this diagram. If Salisbury Beach builds a seawall they will have no beach at all, just a wall with a sheer drop to the ocean. Understandably, the homeowners want a beach.

Diagram by USACE via Questions and Answers on Purchasing Coastal Real Estate in Massachusetts

The ocean takes land slowly … and then all at once. No amount of money can stop it.

(credits are in the captions)

Will Spring Have a Setback This Weekend?

Coltsfoot closing at dusk, Schenley Park, 4 March 2024 (photo by Kate St. John)

7 March 2024

Two days ago it was so balmy in Pittsburgh that we wore T-shirts outdoors. The high on Monday 4 March tied the 74°F record, honeysuckle leaves popped out and I found coltsfoot blooming in Schenley Park. The week before was warm, too. Here’s what was blooming Feb 23 to March 1.

The weather is going to turn cold this weekend. Will spring be dealt a setback on Sunday?

In my city neighborhood Saturday night’s predicted low will be 35°F, still above freezing and significantly above normal. The map below shows the low temperature anomaly predicted for this Saturday (Sunday’s map won’t be available until tomorrow). Sunday’s forecast says it will go down to 30°F, barely below freezing.

Predicted low temperature anomaly for Saturday 9 March 2024 (map from Climate Central)

On Monday the weather warms up again. It’ll be 60°F on Tuesday.

I’m not too worried about a Spring setback in the City of Pittsburgh. NOAA’s March 2024 forecast looks pretty hot.

U.S. temperature outlook forecast for March 2024 (map from Climate.gov)

(credits are in the caption)

Hot Weather Affects Maple Sugar Season

Maple sugar bucket hanging on a tree (photo from Wikimedia Commons)
Bucket collecting maple sap to make maple syrup (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

28 February 2024

The month of March is traditionally the best month for tapping maples to collect sap for maple syrup. The sap runs best with daytime temperatures above freezing and nights below freezing. When the days are too hot the sap becomes bitter. When the nights don’t freeze the sap stops running and the season is over.

This winter we’ve had yo-yo weather in the Northeast and Great Lakes states. You can see it in the forecast highs this week from Tuesday 27 Feb through Sat 2 March. The cold front coming through today will result in two nights below freezing. Then temperatures will rise again into the 60s. You can see the new blob of hot weather approaching from the Great Plains on Saturday 2 March.

Maple sugar farmers have had to adjust by starting the season whenever the sap runs — in Pennsylvania that might mean January — and pausing the season when the temperature goes up too high in hopes it will drop again.

This news article from Minnesota shows what their maple farmers are dealing with.

video embedded from KSPT5 Eyewitness News