Category Archives: Insects

Flowers, Trees and Signs This Week

Water beads on wax begonia, 17 July 2023 (photo by Kate St. John)

22 July 2023

Other than a few thunderstorms it’s been a quiet week in Pittsburgh.

At the Cathedral of Learning the garden beds are beautiful with begonias while the peregrines, Carla and Ecco, hang out and finish molting. The pair is no longer courting but sometimes bow together — less than once a day in late July.

Carla (on left) bows with Ecco at the Cathedral of Learning, 20 July 2023 (photo from the National Aviary snapshot camera at Univ of Pittsburgh)

On Thursday I was lucky to find the right mix of sun and shade to show off eastern enchanter’s nightshade’s (Circaea canadensis) bur-like fruits. They are notoriously difficult to photograph.

Enchanter’s nightshade near Herrs Island, Pittsburgh, 20 July 2023 (photo by Kate St. John)

On 13 July a brief storm blew through Pittsburgh and broke this more than 100 year old London plane tree near Carnegie Library.

London plane tree at Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh broken by strong wind on 13 July 2023 (photo by Kate St. John)

Meanwhile spotted lanternfly (SLF) red nymphs are everywhere, soon to become winged adults. I found thousands of them along the Allegheny River Trail near Herrs Island plus three adults, the first I’ve seen this year. This winged adult probably just emerged from the crumpled exoskeleton above it. Eewwww!

Spotted lanternfly adult near red nymphs on the Three Rivers Rowing Association building across from Herrs Island, 20 July 2023 (photo by Kate St. John)

A few people along the trail were stamping on the nymphs and might have been recording their victories in the Squishr app (described here by WHYY). However, as Howard Tobias remarked a few weeks ago, “Tramping on spotted lanternflies is like trying to empty the ocean with a spoon.”

Are you upset by the bugs? Go hit the Panic Button at Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh in the Main branch Music Department, 2nd floor. This Panic Button, built into a bookcase, used to be part of the old security system but was disconnected decades ago. Press it to your heart’s content. Very satisfying.

The Panic Button at Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh (photo by Kate St. John)

And don’t forget to …

Confirm your paperwork? Or throw it in the bin? at Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, 19 July 2023 (photo by Kate St. John)

(photos by Kate St. John)

Summer Slugfest Revisited

Gray garden slug, a European import that’s common in Pittsburgh (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

20 July 2023

Back when I had a front yard, my hostas were periodically plagued by garden slugs. I also had a stash of aging beer bottles in my basement. (I drink about 12 beers a year so buying a case was a big mistake.)

In the summer of 2016 it all came together when I served old beer to my garden slugs. Read about it in this vintage blog.

(photo from Wikimedia Commons; click on the link to see the original)

The Essence of Iridescence

Anna’s hummingbird (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

16 July 2023

What causes iridescence? What makes a hummingbird glow red in one position, then dull green when he moves his head?

video from NDTV on YouTube

Other dazzlers, including beetles, shells, and rocks, have similar physical iridescent characteristics.

Six-spotted tiger beetle in Maryland (photo from Wikimedia Commons)
Nautilus shell sliced in half (photo from Wikimedia Commons)
Nautilus shell cut in half (photo from Wikimedia Commons)
Iridescence on anthracite, a.k.a. peacock coal (photo from Wikimedia Commons)
Sun dog — an iridescent cloud (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

Find out what causes iridescence in this 16 minute video from PBS @BeSmart. If you don’t have much time, watch the first 4+ minutes about hummingbirds.

video embedded from PBS @BeSmart

p.s. This article was inspired by All About Birds: What Is the Essence of Iridescence? Ask a Hummingbird.

(credits are in the captions, click the links to see the originals)

It Won’t Be Long Now

Red nymph stage of the spotted lanternfly, Pittsburgh, 13 July 2023 (photo by Kate St. John)

14 July 2023

Back in the ‘Burgh from our trip to Cape Cod, the first thing I noticed in my neighborhood was a troop of red nymph spotted lanternflies crawling on walls and sidewalks near an ailanthus tree — their host tree, a.k.a Tree of Heaven.

Red nymphs are the fourth and final instar in spotted lanternfly development.

Spotted lanternfly life cycle (image from Wikimedia Commons)

When the adult is ready to emerge, the red nymph stands motionless while the adult body pokes its head out and molts the red nymph exoskeleton. Penn State Extension describes lanternfly stages and has a photo of the adult emerging here.

I don’t know how long the red nymph stage lasts but I’m sure we’ll soon see large flying(!) spotted lanternflies.

It won’t be long now. 🙁

For tips on how to control them, see my June article, Outsmart Spotted Lanternflies, and Penn State’s Extension educators explain spotted lanternfly life cycle, offer management tips

(photos by Kate St. John and from Wikimedia Commons)

Bug Bait, Bug Bite

A child’s feet in sandals on grass (photo by wyldanthem via Flickr Creative Commons license)

11 July 2023

If you attend a summer outdoor wedding and they supply bug repellent at the door, take the hint! The bugs will be bad and you’ll wish you’d used that bug spray.

At home in western Pennsylvania I know how our mosquitoes behave. A dab of bug repellent cream on each hotspot is enough to keep them at bay, even in dress up clothes at a wedding. We don’t have no-see-ums so I was totally unprepared for what happened at dusk on Cape Cod.

In dress up clothes and sandals I enjoyed the party and didn’t notice that I was bug bait until it was too late. I had never experienced biting gnats so when they flew around my head I just shooed them away. Hah! They bit my scalp, my arms and legs, my neck. I didn’t feel them biting me.

Biting gnat (image from Wikimedia Commons)

About an hour later the bites started itching. Aaarrg!

Evidence of biting gnats, July 2023 (photo by Kate St. John)

Biting gnats? Lesson learned. At last night’s family picnic — with no bug repellent available — I wore hiking clothes and my rain jacket with the hood over my head. Yes, I looked odd but I was only bitten once — on my hand.

I can hardly wait for the itching to stop.

(credits are in the photo captions, click on the links to see the originals)

These Biting Flies Love Blue

Greenhead horse-fly (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

10 July 2023

This week at Cape Cod I learned how to avoid a biting fly I never see in Pittsburgh.

Greenhead horse-flies(Tabanus sp.) inhabit the salt marshes of North America’s Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to Florida. For most of their lives they ignore humans, but during egg-laying season the females need a blood meal to produce their second sets of eggs. When they fly off the marsh in search of something to bite, human skin is very tempting. Ouch! It hurts immediately and raises a welt.

Greenheads are so annoying in July and August that the Cape Cod Greenhead Control Program sets up traps to reduce their numbers. Before I went birding at Water Street Marsh one of the gatekeepers at Seagull Beach told me “Don’t go near the blue boxes.”

Greenhead fly trap at Water Street Marsh, Yarmouth, MA, 7 July 2023 (photo by Kate St. John)

The blue boxes trap only the female greenheads that are looking for a blood meal. Since the females search for mammals by smelling their breath, the traps are baited with artificial ox-breath, octenol, and are painted blue because it’s the bugs’ favorite color. According to Cape Cod Greenhead Control, up to 30,000 flies are found in each trap at the end of the summer.

In places without greenhead traps, such as Parker River National Wildlife Refuge in Essex County, Massachusetts, there are sometimes signs to warn visitors.

Greenhead warning sign, Parker River NWR, July 2014 (photo by Colleen Prieto via Flicker Creative Commons license)
Greenhead warning sign, Parker River NWR, July 2014 (photo by Colleen Prieto via Flicker Creative Commons license)

At Water Street Marsh I stayed on the gravel and left my blue backpack in the car.

Read about the Cape Cod Greenhead Control program in their Greenhead fly pamphlet.

(photos credits in the captions)

Plagues of Insects

Mormon cricket standing on a pantleg (photo by Joel Herzberg, BLM Oregon and Washington, via Flickr Creative Commons License)

5 July 2023

Heat waves, wildfire smoke and now plagues of insects have made the news in recent weeks.

Last month Elko, Nevada had a plague of Mormon crickets (Anabrus simplex), a bug whose local populations boom and bust on a 4-6 year cycle. Though these 3-inch long katydids cannot fly, thousands upon thousands of walking and hopping crickets is a sight to behold and avoid.

Mormon crickets climb a building (photo by Bruce Fingerhood via Flickr Creative Commons license)
Mormon crickets walked themselves into a corner at night (photo by Joe Chavez via Flickr Creative Commons license)

CNN visited Elko to see the crickets on the move.

Fortunately Mormon crickets live only in the American West, but a different plague of insects awaited New Yorkers after the Canadian wildfire smoke left town.

Canadian wildfire smoke consumes New York City, 7 June 2023 (photo by Anthony Quintano via Flickr Creative Commons license)

Three weeks after choking smoke from Canadian wildfires enveloped the city, an infestation of tiny flying bugs is the latest signal that some New Yorkers are interpreting as the portent of end times.

Since Wednesday [28 June 2023], New Yorkers running, biking, walking or on subways, have reported tiny insects, moving in cloud-like swarms, around parts of Manhattan and Brooklyn, in some cases making it hard to breathe. …

David Grimaldi, a curator and entomologist at the American Museum of Natural History, told The City that the bugs getting caught in peoples hair are in fact aphids that are usually wingless but can develop into a winged form when populations become crowded and food quality suffers.

The Guardian: New Yorkers baffled by tiny flying bugs swarming city in wake of smoke

Grimaldi did not name a species but here’s an example, an apple aphid. I doubt this is the one flying in New York.

Apple aphid, Aphis pomi (photo by Joseph Berger, Bugwood, color brightened by Kate St. John)

Read more about the swarming aphids in New York City at The Guardian: New Yorkers baffled by tiny flying bugs swarming city in wake of smoke.

(photos via Flickr Creative Commons licenses and from bugwood; click on the captions to see the originals)

Bees’ Hair Stands on End

Honeybee collecting pollen (a featured picture from Wikimedia Commons)

29 June 2023

When bees visit flowers they collect two kinds of food: nectar for energy and pollen for protein and nutrients. The pollen is food for their larvae in the hive so they carry it home in the pollen sacks on their legs.

Honeybee with full pollen sack (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

Filling the pollen sacks requires static electricity, grooming and a bit of nectar to make the pollen clump.

When a bee lands on a flower, the hairs all over the bees’ body attract pollen grains through electrostatic forces. Stiff hairs on their legs enable them to groom the pollen into specialized brushes or pockets on their legs or body, and then carry it back to their nest. 

Michigan State University, MSU Extension: Pollination

Because bee’s hairs are oppositely charged from the flowers, their the hairs stand on end as they approach them …

Common eastern bumblebee, Wisconsin (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

… and this makes it easier to find the flowers in flight. Learn more in this 2016 article:

(photos from Wikimedia Commons; click on the captions to see the originals)

Plan Ahead to Swat a Fly

Housefly eating food on a table (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

15 June 2023

Now that it’s insect season we’re back to swatting flies, but are we successful? Mostly not. Flies are masters at avoiding swats for a couple of reasons.

First, they have much faster perception and reaction times than we do. Back in 2008 researchers at Caltech used high speed, high definition video to record the movements of fruit flies avoiding a swat threat.  Amazingly, flies can react to an approaching swatter within 100 milliseconds.

Second, the flies’ middle legs are key to their escape. When a fly sees a threat it re-positions its body, sets its long middle legs in the right location, and pushes off from them.

The photo series below from the Caltech study shows a fruit fly perceiving a threat from the front (right side of photos) with red dots indicating the original location of the fly’s middle legs. At 215 milliseconds the fly has its middle legs in launch position. When it jumps at 287 milliseconds (the last possible moment) it’s using its middle legs.

photos from Science Direct article: Visually Mediated Motor Planning in the Escape Response of Drosophila

This video shows the experiment in action.

video from ScienCentral

Fly science hasn’t changed that much since the first discovery 15 years ago but the explanation of fly reaction time has gotten better as shown in this video.

We humans move, see, and think slowly compared to a fly but if we can anticipate where the fly will jump and aim for that spot we stand a chance of nabbing it.

Plan ahead to swat a fly.

(photo credits and links are in the captions)

Outsmart Spotted Lanternflies

Spotted lanternfly nymphs, Pittsburgh, 29 May 2023 (photo by Christopher Bailey via Wikimedia Commons)

12 June 2023

They’re here, they’re creepy and they’re not going away any time soon. Spotted lanternflies (Lycorma delicatula) have made it to Pittsburgh and are following the typical trajectory of invasive insect pests: Barely noticeable (2018) to Overwhelming (2022, 2023+) to Hard to Find (declines in about 3 years: 2025).

The most important thing to remember is this from Penn State Extension: Avoid overreacting to the situation and teach others not to overreact. Insecticides won’t eradicate the pests but will kill the good bugs, bees and butterflies. Instead, let’s outsmart spotted lanternflies.

First, know the enemy and its weakness: Spotted lanternflies can only crawl up, they can’t reverse!

Spotted lanternfly life cycle (image from Wikimedia Commons)

Second, learn how to manage them. This month Penn State Extension educator Sandy Feather is presenting practical in-person advice on how residents can contribute to combating the problem. I’m late to let you know about these two remaining classes:

  • June 12 — 6-8 p.m. at Frick Environmental Center, Point Breeze [tonight!]
  • June 14 — 2:30-5:30 p.m. at Pittsburgh Botanic Garden, North Fayette

You can also learn online from Penn State Extension’s Spotted Lanternfly Management Guide.

Third, protect a favorite tree using this circle trap (video below). You can make your own circle trap or buy one here. Do not use sticky tape as it traps and kills birds (trying to eat the bugs) and beneficial insects.

(video by Penn State Extension on YouTube)

Fourth, be brave. Yesterday Claire Staples outsmarted hundreds of spotted lanternfly nymphs by smashing them with her bare hands! Here are her photos and a quote from her email. (How many nymphs can you see in the right hand photo?)

Spotted lanternfly infestation on porcelainberry, Swisshelm Park, 11 June 2023 (photos by Claire Staples)

I killed over 200 in a 10 foot section along the power lines through Swisshelm Park slag heap.  It was the only place where we found them but it was amazing to see the density.  It was really easy to get them and my granddaughter watched and only a few escaped.  I would take the small branch with the bugs in the palm of my hand and place the other palm on [top of] it and start rolling my hands together.  I was amazed that my hands appeared clean and there was no odor.  I did wash my hands later but I was surprised that there was no residue.

— email from Claire Staples, 11 June 2023

That’s braver than I would have been!

Meanwhile, the lanternfly population will eventually decline on its own. Here’s what happened in Berks County, PA where spotted lanternflies were first discovered:

  • 2014: Barely noticeable. Spotted lanternfly first discovered in U.S.in Berks.
  • 2018, 2019: Overwhelming. Everywhere! Some commercial grapevines killed.
  • 2021: Hard to find. Everyone says, “Where have all the spotted lanternflies gone?

(photos from Wikimedia Commons and Claire Staples; video embedded from Penn State Extension)