Category Archives: Nesting & Courtship

Birds Showing Off, Part 2: Peregrine Falcons!

Gusto flies upside down in courtship with Luna at the Hilliard Bridge, Spring 2025 (photo by Chad+Chris Saladin)

15 April 2025

Ten days ago in Birds Showing Off I blogged about the courtship flights of four raptor species: western marsh harrier, golden eagle, bald eagle and peregrine falcon and included photos of peregrines flying upside down from C&C’s Ohio Peregrine Page on Facebook by Chad+Chris Saladin.

In case you can’t imagine this, Chris posted an amazing series on 10 April of a male peregrine in sustained upside down flight while courting his new mate at Hilliards Bridge. Notice that he twists his head almost 180° so that his vision is rightside up. Wow!

Peregrine in sustained upside down flight
Hilliards Bridge, Ohio, Spring 2025 (photos by Chad+Chris Saladin)

The backstory is awesome, too, quoted from Chris’s post:

We were enthralled and entertained by Gusto and Luna engaging in gravity-defying courtship flights around the Hilliard bridge on a very windy day (30-40 mph winds that would blow our hats off without our hoods up tight over them)! It was tough to stabilize and to hold our cameras still enough to capture it.

We’ve mentioned before that seeing peregrines flying in heavy wind and getting to watch them in the showy courtship mode as they are bonding results in some of the most mind-blowing flight angles and body postures imaginable! And peregrines are amazing enough in flight without the aid of the wind, but when you add in the heavy gusts the speed reaches UNREAL proportions!

They were zipping over and around us, through the bridge arches underneath and then reappearing over our heads with swift ring-ups. They were hanging in the wind nearly motionless, and then with a slight twitch or tuck they would speed by, cutting through the wind, or angling their bodies for a tailwind to push them into overdrive!

You can often see the difference between males and females in flight, with males achieving more adept maneuvers and higher speeds overall. In this case the difference was even more striking, as the experience of maturity showed—although Luna was really moving through the air quickly, it was as if Gusto could fly circles around her!

In this album we’re sharing a sequence of Gusto in flight upside down out over the valley—it was somewhat distant, so we tried not to over-crop this sequence, but we still hope this provides enough detail to show his sustained upside down flight with his head contorted as he was focused on his flight path while flapping and gaining even more momentum! INCREDIBLE!!

C&C’s Ohio Peregrine Page on Facebook

Follow C&C’s Ohio Peregrine Page on Facebook for more breath-taking peregrine news.

1-Year-Old Peregrine Insists on Incubating at His Parent’s Nest

Peregrine youngster, “GL” wants to incubate 23 March 2025 @TauntonPeregri

9 April 2025

When young peregrines fledge from Pitt’s Cathedral of Learning in late May or early June, their parents help them learn to hunt, provide food for a short while, and then “wean” them from the handouts, forcing them to be independent and hunt on their own.

Our youngsters typically leave Pittsburgh in July and never return to the Cathedral of Learning nest. In 20+ years of watching there have been a handful of cameo appearances of a youngster at the nest after it left home. But they don’t stay. They don’t live with their parents.

And if they try to stay they are driven away, as shown in this video from @FaBPeregrines in which the youngster’s father hazes him for 30 minutes. (This video shows 23 minutes of it. Feel free to watch only the beginning.)

video embedded from FaBPeregrines on YouTube

Thus I find it quite unusual that a one-year-old immature son — banded ‘GL’ in 2024 — is tolerated at his parents’ nest at Taunton Minster in Taunton, England, UK. The resident male (JN) and female (JY) raised him last spring.

Thanks to two falconcams, Taunton Peregrines was able to discover that GL has probably been present even before the cameras came online in February.

Strangely, when his parents began incubation on 23 March, GL tried to incubate as well. At first he didn’t know what he was doing but soon he got the hang of it and really wanted to incubate.

On 24 March he had a stare-down with his incubating mother (JY) but she didn’t get up. However he is persistent. By 27 March he was incubating regularly and reluctant to let his mother take over. On 28 March he wouldn’t let his father (JN) incubate (video below). Eventually JN gently pushed him off the eggs.

Soon GL escalated his activity. He wanted to incubate so much that he pushed his mother off the eggs on 29 March (below).

His father (JN) was getting tired of this and on 4 April zoomed into the nest “scary fast” to urge GL immediately off the eggs. But on 7 April GL tried to push his dad off the eggs.

What is going on in this unusual peregrine family? What will happen when the eggs hatch?

Find out by following @TauntonPeregri on X.

p.s. X is the only way I know to follow the Taunton peregrines. If you know of another source please leave a comment.

Birds Showing Off

Peregrine flying upside down, Ohio 2021 (photo by Chad+Chris Saladin)

4 April 2025

For many raptors courtship season has given way to incubation but this recent video of a western marsh harrier in England reminds me that fancy flying is an important part of choosing a mate. Here are four species going all out in the air.

Western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) (*)

Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) Video description: The dizzying “sky-dancing” of a Golden Eagle is a territorial and courtship display. They dive from great heights and can reach nearly 200 miles per hour.

video embedded from Cornell Lab of Ornithology on YouTube

Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

video embedded from WildhoodBook on YouTube

Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) Peregrines often fly upside down when they’re courting, as shown in the top photo by Chad+Chris Saladin and the one below.

Peregrines SW and Boomer in courtship flight, Cleveland, 2013 (photo by Chad+Chris Saladin)
video embedded from Sukhjot Singh on YouTube

(*) The western marsh harrier of Europe and Africa is in the same genus as our northern harrier (Circus hudsonius)

A Vocal Nest Exchange

Carla and Ecco nest exchange with 4 eggs, 25 March 2025, 9:22am (photo from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

26 March 2025

When peregrines are incubating eggs there is rarely any action on the falconcam and it’s always brief, so chances are most of us weren’t watching when Carla and Ecco did this nest exchange yesterday morning. I missed it too, so here it is.

I’ve chosen to highlight this video, not because anything is unusual, but because it’s so nice to watch something other than a sleeping bird.

In fact the segment starts with Ecco sleeping, but he hears something I can’t hear (probably Carla) and raises his head to look around. We know she’s nearby when she wails.

What does she mean? From the Peregrine FAQs: Wailing means “I want something to change.”  The wail sounds awful but does not necessarily mean bad things are happening.  It really means “Things are not changing fast enough for my liking.” Read more about this call and others at Peregrine Vocalizations and What They Mean.

We can guess what Carla means in this context by watching Ecco. He knows she wants to trade places with him but won’t get up until she’s close by and ready to cover the eggs.

Carla comes closer and makes soft noises. Ecco leaves; Carla settles down to incubate.

(video from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

Watch the Pitt peregrines on the National Aviary falconcam at the Cathedral of Learning. You might get lucky and see something interesting.

Surprise 4th Egg at Pitt Peregrine Nest

Carla with four eggs, 25 March 2025, 7:10am (photo from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

25 March 2025

Just when we’d thought Carla was done with egg laying Sara Showers saw 4 eggs at the nest this morning before dawn. We were surprised because peregrines usually lay an egg every other day. This one took twice as long and is 4 days after the prior egg.

It took a bit of searching the archives to find when it happened. Here is the moment at 4:34am.

Carla laid her fourth egg of the season at 4:34am, 25 March 2025 (photo from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

Video of the few minutes before and after the egg appeared.

So my question about incubation is answered. It began, as it should, after the next-to-last egg.

So When Did Incubation Begin?

Carla merely shelters the eggs, 21 March 2025, 2:37am (photo from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

25 March 2025

After Carla laid her last egg in the wee hours of 21 March at 2:07am and I saw her prepare to incubate the next morning at 5:40am, I declared on 22 March that incubation had begun. Was I right? I’m not so sure anymore.

I checked the falconcam timelapse videos and found that during the day of the 22nd Carla and Ecco both seemed to be incubating, but that night Carla spent an hour and a half off the eggs from 2:30am to 4:00am. You can see the gap in this timelapse video.

video from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh

She also stood up for half an hour at 5:00am. What was she looking at?

Carla is up for 2 hours on the night of 22-23 March 2025 (photo from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

On the 23rd incubation was more consistent. Carla and Ecco took almost no time off during nest exchanges and Carla slept on the scrape.

Carla sleeps while incubating, 23 March 2025, 3:02p (photo from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

That night, 23-24 March, she stayed tight on the eggs especially while it rained. The raindrops look like snow in the infrared light.

(video from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

So now I think incubation began on 23 March 2025.

Only the peregrines know for sure.

3rd Peregrine Egg This Morning, Incubation Begins

Carla with 3 eggs, 21 March 2025 2:07am (photo from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

21 March 2025

UPDATE: I WAS WRONG! Carla laid her 3rd egg much earlier than I originally thought. It was before 2:07am on 21 March 2025.

I had expected Carla to lay her third egg last evening but it took a longer than expected. As early as 8pm she looked like she was ready to lay it (below), but it did not happen until this morning at 2:07 am (above).

Carla looks ready to lay another egg, 20 March 2025, 8pm (photo from the National Aviary snapshot camera at Univ of Pittsburgh)

At 5:40am I saw Carla corral the clutch, bob her body to expose her brood patch, and lay down with her back feathers standing up a bit, as shown in the video below. It looks to me like she’s begun incubation. (You can hear Ecco whining in the background.)

video from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh, 21 March 2025, 5:43am

Hatch Day should be 33-35 days from now –> 23 to 25 April. In the meantime we’ll be watching The Big Sit on the falconcam for more than a month.

As I said earlier, there’s always a possibility that I’ve missed something and miscalculated the dates … and sure enough I’ve already had to make a correction.

p.s. Here’s a better look at the 3 eggs with Ecco standing next to them.

Ecco with 3 eggs, 21 March 2025, 7:07am (photo from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

Owlet Flying + Peregrines Not Incubating Yet

Schenley Park great horned owlet, 19 March 2025 (photo by Kate St. John)

20 March 2025

Schenley Owlet flying

The Schenley Park owlet, who spent two weeks in rehab at Tamarack and came home on 11 March, has been making fast progress. Many have seen her roosting in trees this week and assume she must have flown to get there, but we never see it. She only moves in the dark. Fortunately, Dana Nesiti captured a video of her in flight before sunrise on Tuesday. He slowed down the video so you can see her.

video embedded from Dana Nesiti, Canonusr on YouTube)

And click here for Dana’s 10 minute video of her chilling in Schenley Park.

Pitt peregrines not incubating yet

Carla laid two eggs at the Cathedral of Learning peregrine nest on 16 and 18 March and a third egg is due this evening.

However, we’ve seen both parents cover the eggs and we know incubation begins when the next to last egg is laid. Are they incubating? Is Carla going to lay only 3 eggs?

As of this morning, 20 March, we have nighttime evidence that the peregrines are not incubating yet. Both were off the eggs the majority of the time last night as seen in this time lapse video.

Nighttime timelapse at Pitt peregrine nest, 19 March 7pm to 20 March 2025 7am ()

When peregrines are truly incubating they open the feathers that cover their brood patches before laying down to place their skin on the eggs. If they don’t, those feathers keep the eggs from reaching incubation temperature.

On the falconcam it is impossible to see if their skin is touching eggs but we can tell if they are opening the feathers. Watch for them to bob their bodies before they lay down. Ecco does this in a more exaggerated way than Carla.

Speaking of Ecco, did you notice that he relieved Carla around 3am? The literature says that the female incubates all night, but not last night. Peregrines can always surprise us.

Carla Laid Her 2nd Egg This Afternoon

Carla reveals two eggs. We can see her bands. 18 March 2025, 3:24pm (photo from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

18 March 2025

This afternoon Carla got into position at the Cathedral of Learning to lay her second egg of the 2025 season. In the slideshow you see her standing upright with her tail down. After the egg is laid she tips up so her tail feathers don’t drag on the wet egg.

(photos from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

Ten minutes later the egg had dried and she was ready arrange them underneath her and go to sleep. This gave us a chance to see both eggs at once.

Carla reveals both eggs, 18 March 2025, 15:24 (photo from the National Aviary falconcam at Univ of Pittsburgh)

I expect her to lay four eggs as she did last year. The time between these first two eggs is a little shorter than the same eggs last year. I wonder if this quicker trend will continue.

Watch the Pitt peregrines on the National Aviary falconcam at the Cathedral of Learning.

East Liberty Peregrine News

Peregrine at East Liberty Presbyterian steeple, 18 March 2025 (photo by Adam Knoerzer)

18 March 2025

The peregrines at East Liberty Presbyterian Church steeple are very active as they prepare to nest.

A week ago on 11 March Jeff Cieslak stopped by and found both birds at home.

Both peregrines at East Liberty Presby steeple, 11 March 2025 (photo by Jeff Cieslak)

He caught one in the act of landing on its favorite floodlight.

Peregrine about to land on East Liberty Presby steeple, 11 March 2025 (photo by Jeff Cieslak)

And Jeff saw them doing a lot of flying. Adam Knoerzer found out why.

Peregrine flying in East Liberty, 11 March 2025 (photo by Jeff Cieslak)

The pair was vigilant on 11 March because a third peregrine showed up and took an interest in their territory. Adam captured a video of the encounter as the pair flew around chirping and drove the intruder toward Morningside/Stanton Heights and the Allegheny River. Turn up the volume to heard their territorial sound. The chirp sounds “happy” but it is not!

video by Adam Knoerzer, 11 March 2025

Yesterday, 18 March, Adam saw the male flying a lot and both of them perched in their favorite spots.

Both peregrines at East Liberty Presbyterian steeple, 18 March 2025 (photo by Adam Knoerzer)

The female wanted to mate again.

Female peregrine at East Liberty Presby steeple, 18 March 2025 (photo by Adam Knoerzer)

After they mated, the male stopped by the nest.

Don’t let the sticks fool you. Peregrines don’t use sticks but the ledge is sloped and this old red-tailed hawk nest prevents the eggs from rolling off the building. Last year they fledged one youngster from this nest.

Male peregrine at East Liberty Presby nest, 18 March 2025 (photo by Adam Knoerzer)

Stop by East Liberty to check out the action. With all this mating, eggs are surely on the way

p.s. Brief Update from Downtown Pittsburgh, Third Avenue

On 11 March I viewed Downtown’s Third Avenue nest using my scope from Mt Washington and saw one peregrine dig the scrape and wait on the ledge.

Peregrine on the nest ledge at Third Ave as seen from Mt. Washington, 11 March 2025 (digiscoped by Kate St. John)