Category Archives: Plants & Fungi

plants & fungi

Blue-Eyed Mary in Bloom

Blue-eyed Mary blooming at Cedar Creek Park, 6 April 2016 (photo by Donna Foyle)
Blue-eyed Mary blooming at Cedar Creek Park, 6 April 2016 (photo by Donna Foyle)

It’s cold this morning — and snowy for some of you — but when the weather improves you’ll find …

Blue-eyed Mary (Collinsia verna) usually blooms in southwestern Pennsylvania from mid April to early May but we found it at Cedar Creek Park on Wednesday April 6.

This annual drops its seeds in summer, germinates seedlings in the fall, and overwinters to bloom in the spring.  It spreads by reseeding so you usually find it in patches — that look more green than blue from a distance.

Blue-eyed Mary patch at Cedar Creek Park, 6 April 2016 (photo by Donna Foyle)
Blue-eyed Mary patch at Cedar Creek Park, 6 April 2016 (photo by Donna Foyle)

Collinsia verna grows in woodlands with light to dappled shade and moist to mesic rich loamy soil.  Though the plant can be locally abundant, its habitat can be hard to find.  Blue-eyed Mary is endangered in New York and Tennessee.

Here are three places in southwestern Pennsylvania to see Blue-eyed Mary this month:

 

(photos by Donna Foyle)

Too Early Spring

Bloodroot gone to seed, Cedar Creek Park, 27 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)
Bloodroot gone to seed, Cedar Creek Park, 27 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)

30 March 2016

Spring is coming in fits and starts but mostly it’s coming too soon in southwestern Pennsylvania.

On Easter Day, 27 March 2016, I took a walk at Cedar Creek Park in Westmoreland County and found native plants blooming two to three weeks ahead of schedule.  No wonder! It was 75 degrees F.

At top, bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) was already blooming. Some had gone to seed.

Spring beauties were everywhere. This Carolina spring beauty (Claytonia caroliniana) is identifiable by its wide leaves.

Spring beauty, Cedar Creek Park, 27 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)
Spring beauty, Cedar Creek Park, 27 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)

The steep hillside known for snow trillium (Trillium nivale) …

Snow trillium, Cedar Creek Park, 27 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)
Snow trillium, Cedar Creek Park, 27 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)

… was also hosting sharp-lobed hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. acuta), some of which were past their prime.

Sharp-lobed hepatica, Cedar Creek Park, 27 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)
Sharp-lobed hepatica, Cedar Creek Park, 27 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)

Get outdoors as soon as you can.  Spring could pass you by.

p.s. The Botanical Society of Western Pennsylvania is already alert to this early growing season.  They moved their snow trillium outing from April 2 to March 20.

(photos by Kate St. John)

Schenley Park Last Week

Coltsfoot blooming in Schenley Park, 18 and 24 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)
Coltsfoot blooming in Schenley Park, 18 and 24 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)

Spring is early, as expected, so I wasn’t surprised to find leaves unfurling in Schenley Park last week.  Here are a few highlights from my walks in the past nine days.

Above, coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) began blooming on March 7 and was still flowering when I passed by on March 24.

Below, Yellow buckeyes (Aesculus flava) are one of the first trees to leaf out in Schenley Park.  These leaves picked up fluff from other trees whose flower parts had blown away, perhaps a wind dispersal strategy.  The buckeye makes flowers that attract bees.

Ohio buckeye leaves unfurl, 24 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)
Yellow buckeye leaves unfurl, 24 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)

Purple deadnettle (Lamium purpureum) began blooming March 10 and will continue for many weeks. Its flower has a spotted lip that says, “Land here, little insect.”

Purple deadnettle blooming, Schenley Park 18 and 24 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)
Purple deadnettle blooming, Schenley Park 18 and 24 March 2016 (photo by Kate St. John)

The weather’s been mild so get outdoors soon. Don’t miss our early Spring.

Happy Easter!

(photos by Kate St. John)

Which Plant is the Real Shamrock?

Shamrock (image from Wikimedia Commons)
Shamrock (image from Wikimedia Commons)

We’re seeing a lot of shamrocks today because they’re a symbol of St. Patrick and the national emblem of Ireland.

The shamrock looks like a clover leaf and that got me wondering …  Which clover is the real shamrock?

According to Wikipedia, the answer goes so far back in history that no one is sure.  Some botanists claimed it was a clover species (Trifolium sp.), others said wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella).  The best answers came from the Irish themselves.

Two surveys were conducted in Ireland about 100 years apart, in 1893 and 1988, asking for the identity of the shamrock plant.  About 50% of the respondents said it was lesser clover (Trifolium dubium), shown below.  Imported to North America, we call it “least hop clover.”

Lesser or Least Hop Clover, Trifolium dubium (photo from Wikimedia Commons)
Lesser (or Least Hop) Clover, Trifolium dubium (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

About 30% of respondents voted for white clover (Trifolium repens) as the true shamrock.  This is the familiar clover found in traditional lawns (those not treated with broadleaf weed killer).

White clover, Trifolium repens (photo from Wikimedia Commons)
White clover, Trifolium repens (photo from Wikimedia Commons)

Don’t be fooled by four-leaf clovers.  They aren’t real shamrocks because …

St. Patrick used the shamrock’s 3 leaflets to illustrate the Trinity — Father, Son and Holy Ghost — and thus convert the Irish to Christianity.

So celebrate St. Patrick’s Day with a three-leaf clover: least hop or white.

 

(photos from Wikimedia Commons. Click on the image to see the original)

Green Leaves in the Woods

Garlic mustard in winter (photo by Kate St. John)
Garlic mustard in winter (photo by Kate St. John)

I should be excited to see green leaves poking up in the woods but these are bad ones.

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is a biennial alien invasive.  It turns green early because it’s out of synch with our seasons — and that gives it a growing advantage over many native plants.  Read more here about its invasive ways.

The only place I know of in western Pennsylvania that has no garlic mustard is Duff Park in Murrysville, thanks to the vigilance and activism of Pia van de Venne.   Over the years she has pulled out tons of garlic mustard, trained countless volunteers in invasive plant eradication, and placed signs at every park entrance that describe garlic mustard and urge folks to pull it up.

Everywhere else, these leaves are our first sign of spring.  🙁

 

(photo by Kate St. John)

Reading the Palms

Comparing Palms: Scrub Palmetto, Saw Palmetto, Sabal Palm (illustration by Chuck Tague)
Comparing Palms: Scrub Palmetto, Saw Palmetto, Sabal Palm (illustration by Chuck Tague)

Until last Thursday I thought these palms were hard to identify. On our visit to Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Chuck Tague explained that if you look at the stem and arrangement of fronds it’s easy to tell the difference between these three Florida natives.

Scrub palmetto’s (Sabal etonia) fronds all grow from the tip of the stem in a palmate fan — the way your fingers branch out from your palm. It never stands up like a tree because its trunk usually remains underground. We saw a Florida scrub-jay perched on scrub palmetto at Scrub Ridge Trail.

Saw palmetto’s (Serenoa repens) fronds are also palmate but the stem is serrated, giving the “saw” in its name.  This one doesn’t stand up either. Its trunk lies on the ground or just below the soil.

Sabal palm’s (Sabal palmetto) fronds are pinnate, sprouting on two sides of the stem instead of from the tip. These palms are upright and become trees up to 65 feet tall — the state trees of Florida and South Carolina.

Look closely at the fronds and stems and you can read the palms.

 

p.s. Did you know these fallen-off stems are called boots?  People sometimes trim them off but they should be left on the trunk to support the tree.

"Boots" on a sabal palm (photo by Chuck Tague)
“Boots” on a sabal palm (photo by Chuck Tague)

 

(photos by Chuck Tague)

December Rose

A rose in Pittsburgh, 30 Dec 2015 (photo by Kate St. John)
Rose blooming in Pittsburgh, 30 Dec 2015 (photo by Kate St. John)

This week I found several roses in bloom in my neighborhood.

Roses blooming at the end of December?  In Pittsburgh?

Last month there were only two nights below freezing at the airport (Dec 18-20, 29 to 30oF), but it probably didn’t drop below freezing in my city neighborhood.  This coming Monday night, January 4, the low is predicted to be 12oF.

That’s what a crazy winter it’s been!

 

(photo by Kate St. John)

Galling

Oak gall, Washington County, PA, November 2015 (photo by Kate St. John)
Oak gall, Washington County, PA, November 2015 (photo by Kate St. John)

Back in November I found these round hairy growths on the backs of many oak leaves at Hillman State Park in Washington County, PA.

From above they look furry but up close I can see that they’re fibrous.

Close-up of oak gall, Washington County, PA, November 2015 (photo by Kate St. John)
Close-up of oak gall, Washington County, PA, November 2015 (photo by Kate St. John)

No doubt these are galls, structures grown by the tree itself in response to chemicals deposited by a tiny insect that laid eggs on the underside of the leaf.  The insects are usually gall wasps (Cynipidae) whose larvae are protected by the gall.

There are 750 species of Cynipidae in North America, best identified by the characteristics of the gall and the plant it’s growing on.  What does the gall look like?  What species is it growing on?  Where is the plant located (geographically)?  What part of the plant is the gall growing on?  If on a leaf, is it on the upper or under side?  Is it on a twig?  A bud?  Etc. etc.

Extensive searches of bugguide.net produced similar photos but no final identification.  The closest was this one:  A gall wasp (Cynipidae) in the genus Acraspis, photographed in Guelph, Ontario.

So I’m back where I started.  I know the name of the wasp (as far as I care to know) but what is the name of the gall?

 

(photos by Kate St. John)

Look Down, Look Up

Oriental bittersweet hulls on the ground (photo by Kate St. John)

This month in Schenley Park I noticed lots of yellow hulls on the ground. Somewhat like pistachios, they were smaller and brighter with a ridge inside instead of on the edge.

Here’s what I saw when I looked down.

Oriental bittersweet hulls (photo by Kate St. John)

 

The hulls came from somewhere so I looked up to find the source:  Oriental bittersweet.

Oriential bittersweet fruits, Schenley Park, 7 Dec 2015 (photo by Kate St. John)
Oriential bittersweet fruits, Schenley Park, 7 Dec 2015 (photo by Kate St. John)

Each berry was encased in a three-part pod that burst open to reveal the fruit.  You can see three faint lines on the berries where the ridges made impressions.

And there above me, quietly eating the berries, was a big flock of robins knocking more yellow hulls to the ground.

Keep looking up.  🙂

 

(photos by Kate St. John)

Invasive?

Unknown plant. Is it an invasive? (photo by Kate St. John)
What is this plant? (photo by Kate St. John)

13 December 2015

Here’s a plant that’s quite visible in my neighborhood this month even though the growing season has ended. I don’t know what it is but I suspect it’s an alien and possibly invasive because it shows off a number of imported/invasive features.

  • Imported: Its leaves are very green, suggesting it’s winter light trigger expects a more northern location.
  • Imported: It’s still producing flowers in December, another indication that it believes winter hasn’t arrived.
  • Invasive: It grows in waste places, especially in disturbed soil at the edge of sidewalks.
  • Invasive: It can become very dense and take over the area where it’s growing.

Here’s a look at the arrangement of the stems.  Notice that they’re hairy.

Unknown plant. A look at the stems (photo by Kate St. John)
Unknown plant: a look at the stems (photo by Kate St. John)

And here’s the flower.  I forced this one open.

Unknown flower. Is it an invasive? (photo by Kate St. John)
Unknown flower (photo by Kate St. John)

One more look at a dense mat of it.

Unknown plant. Is it an invasive? (photo by Kate St. John)
A dense mat of …  (photo by Kate St. John)

Do you know the name of this plant?  My guess is that it’s from Asia, perhaps Japan.

If you know the answer, please leave a comment!

LATER: Wow! You’re quick!  Fran, Carolyn and Doris have already identified it as common mallow (Malva neglecta) or cheeseweed.  Read the comments to find out why it has this unusual name. By the way, it’s edible.

Here are two resources for more information: University of California’s Integrated Pest Management recommendation for this plant and Pennsylvania Street Gardens plant profile.

(photos by Kate St. John)